Free Essays: Frankenstein and the Enlightenment :: Frankenstein essays

Numerous individuals state that Mary Shelley's Frankenstein postdates the Enlightenment; that it is a thinking back on the social wonder after its fulfillment, and a first unsure response to the development. I should oppose this idea. There is no after the Enlightenment. A human progress doesn't just quit learning. Where is where somebody stands up and says, OK, that is sufficient Enlightening for the time being, I believe we're useful for an additional couple of hundreds of years? For better or for more terrible, the Enlightenment is as yet going on today. As the Information Age propels, we proceed to create and construct. Investigation presently reaches to the profundities of the seas and the closer districts of room. We peer past the molecule, past the sub-nuclear molecule, digging ever more profound into the privileged insights of science to locate that extreme point where it joins with theory. The inquiry is: would we like to? The image on the front of our version of Frankenstein is Joseph Wright of Derby's An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump - a proper scene, not just for how it reviews Shelley's psychological state, yet additionally for how well it outlines absolutely that question about the Enlightenment the novel was composed to communicate. All around a table, at which a logical investigation that hurts a living animal is being led, are situated different individuals of contrasting social positions, and likewise varying responses to the current occasion. A couple of curious youngsters look on energetically, a terrified lady dismisses her head in miserable repulsiveness, a little youngster gazes uneasily, uncertain of what to think. That little youngster is us. Also, in view of what we find noticeable all around siphon, we should choose whether we will end up being the scared lady or the intrigued men. I discover little space to question that Shelley is attempting to ingrain some feeling of dread in her peruser. For not exclusively does Victor Frankenstein severely dislike his own creation - and let us not be mixed up, crafted by the specialist is without question an image for the bigger collection of work of all Enlightenment researchers, looking for information they don't comprehend so as to perform undertakings recently thought unimaginable - yet the creation curses himself too, talking about the peculiarity of his appearance and conceding openly to having unshakably done underhandedness. Maybe in Shelley's psyche this is in reality unspeakable. As far as concerns me, as opposed to see Frankenstein's beast as an indication of the potential dread coming about because of the advances of Enlightenment science, I look on it as a side effect as one of the advances made by Enlightenment theory.

Make Your Move Mr. President essays

Make Your Move Mr. President expositions Make Your Move Mr. President The United States is at war. A war against Terrorism. A battle to maintain the opportunity that America appreciates so beyond all doubt. At the point when our new president comes into office, this war will be a problem that is begging to be addressed for him. Each US Citizen will have their eyes focused on each move that the president makes. Will he leave our soldiers in Iraq? Will he send more soldiers in? These are normal inquiries on our psyches. The Government exists to secure us. That is the thing that it was made to do. The war on dread is occurring in light of the fact that the administration is carrying out its responsibility. Prior to September 11, 2001, we didnt consider fear mongering to be a quick danger. In the time following September 11, our procedure changed. We understood that we cant simply kick back and trust that we dont get assaulted. At the point when we see a potential danger, we have to address it. That is the reason we went into Iraq. Saddam Hussein was representing a danger to us. He was suspected to have atomic weapons, and we didnt need to simply lounge around and hang tight for him to bomb us. So we took out Saddam. Nonetheless, in taking out Saddam, we left Iraq with no genuine type of authority. We didnt go into Iraq to annihilate the nation, we dont need to simply leave the Iraqis without a legislature. The new president should attempt to get a reasonable government ready for action as quickly as time permits in Iraq. We are taking a chance with the lives of our soldiers by keeping them there. It is in any case, progressively significant that we battle in the city of Iraq instead of the roads of Boston or New York. We need to keep fear under control, and not battle this war inside our limits. ... <!

Day 1 Quito Old Town

Day 1 Quito Old Town January 11 Hostel Colonial House, Quito Im currently wearing two t-shirts and two sweaters.  We are at 10,000 feet, so I guess the cold temperature shouldnt have been a big surprise, but Im having trouble reconciling how I feel with the fact that were almost right on the equator. Fortunately, the hostel bed is very cozy and has lots of wool blankets and a big comforter. Theres a beautiful woven tapestry on the wall, depicting two indigenous women wearing Panama hats (fun fact: Panama hats are actually from Ecuador!) and gazing at Cotopaxi. t When I finally dragged myself out of bed and left the room this morning, CL was reading on a couch just outside. He flew in late last night (way after Raphael and I went to sleep) and fortunately made it to the hostel without too much difficulty. Our hostel (Colonial House) serves a $3.50 breakfast: fresh scrambled eggs with tomato, coffee, yoghurt and granola, a cup of all kinds of fresh fruit. At breakfast, we met Feyi (a young woman from San Francisco) and an older couple from Bruges who are going to spend the next few months volunteering (teaching English I think?) They told us about volunteering in Cambodia, at a center for children with disabilities. They felt particularly drawn to that organization because they have a child with Down Syndrome. After eating, we left our hostel and found ourselves in a fruit and vegetable market. We promised to come back to exotic fruit later, since we were impatient to explore Quitos Old Town. Quito is the capital of Ecuador, and in 1978 its Old Town was declared the first UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site (along with Kraków). Its full of crowded streets, shops blaring music, old cars flying around corners with reckless abandon, and beautifully-preserved Spanish colonial architecture. For example, (Look how smiley Raphael is! And look at his sweet NASA bag!) This is CLs first time traveling outside of the US, and he remarked that this feels very foreign. After wandering around for a while, we stopped at the Basílica del Voto Nacional, enormous and neo-Gothic. The  $1 to go inside was well worth it: We also paid $2 to climb to the top of the clock tower. This would not have been worth it for the faint-hearted; we climbed dizzyingly steep ladders, traversed wooden bridges with questionable structural integrity, and circled up spiral staircases. You know those ladders you sometimes see on the sides of old buildings, presumably there so that people to do maintenance? We climbed those ladders. Heres CL leading the way: Heres the sketchy wooden ramp, which took us across the basilicas buttresses: Here are the boys on one of several spiral staircases: and here is the inside of the clock tower, which we finally reached. The staircases and ladders took us up to beautiful views. Of course, the feeling of being up there cant be captured on camera, but here are a few attempts: Between the two clock towers, in the distance, you can see a little figure sticking out on top of the hill. Thats a gigantic statue of Jesus. After we returned to ground level and ate lunch, we set out to hike up to the statue. Near the bottom of the hill, we paused to examine a map and suddenly, a local starting yelling to us from the opposite side of the street. We were startled to hear someone speaking to us in English (there isnt much English spoken here) and even more startled to hear DONT GO THERE. IT IS TOO DANGEROUS. TAKE A TAXI AND LEAVE THIS PLACE, NOW! Um, okay. We obliged, and found out later that the hike up to Jesus is infamous for robberies. Thank you, stranger! By this point, it was raining, so I suggested that we go to the  Museo de Ciudad  since it came highly recommended by my guide book. Raphael took a pass to read the guide book and CL and I wandered through the exhibitions. A museum attendant told us that there was going to be a special workshop, and from the confusing gesticulation and Spanglish we gathered that it was a workshop on making indigenous face masks. COOL!!!! We showed up, and found out that it was actually learn to draw caricatures of people like Jack Black. We said no, graçias and left. Someone has put a lot of work into that museum. It used to be a nun-run hospital; the old gynecology ward and surgery units now display (primarily through diorama) the history of Quito from the 1500s to the 1900s: conquistadors, revolutions, independence around 1823. Some of the floors had exquisite dark wood art usually maps of the city. For example: Following our museum visit, Raphael navigated us back to the hostel (I literally have no idea where I would be without Raphaels sense of direction) since we were all in the mood for some RR. We added Feyi to our travel crew and drank some very mediocre beers at a local brewery, then took a (cheap! taxis here are SO CHEAP!) taxi to La Mariscal for dinner. The restaurant we chose, La Cafecito, was the site of Embarrassing Spanish Exchange #2: Me: Hola! Buenos tardes! Uh, cuatro I turned to Feyi, who actually speaks Spanish. How do you say, we would like to sit outside?' The waiter, who had been silent up until that point, raised his eyebrows and asked you want to sit outside? in what sounded to me like a completely American accent. Turns out that his name is Tony, hes from Ottawa, and he went to a Canadian school in Jamaica for a couple of years. Everyone laughed at me. Dinner was yummy but very filling: fried plantains topped with salsa and cheese.   And now were back at the hostel! Raph, CL and Feyi are playing pool but I declined in order to record my adventures from the day.

Crime and Punishment Essay examples - 1327 Words

Crime and Punishment In his book â€Å"Crime and Punishment†, Dostoevsky explores the path of Raskolnikov who has many problems and obstacles throughout his life. He commits murder and is faced with the long and mentally extremely painful journey of seeking redemption. Raskolnikov believes that by a law of nature men have been â€Å"somewhat arbitrarily† divided into two groups of â€Å"ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary†. Raskolnikov believes that the duty of the ordinary group is to just exist, in order to form the world and the society. The second group, those who are â€Å"extraordinary†, are a step above the normal. They have the ability to overstep normal bounds and violate the rights of those who are simply ordinary. They are the prime movers; they†¦show more content†¦However, once he realized that he had made mistakes, he began to question his theory. After all the frustration, he decided to go to the scene of the crime. This gave him a rush that made him feel invincible. He believed that this would prove if he was truly â€Å"super†. Once he realized that he wasn’t part of this class, he suffered a mental breakdown. Raskolnikov’s suffering has a direct relationship with his guilt over his crimes. It is also due to his recognition of his failure to meet his theory. However another controlling idea behind his punishment is a result of his dual personality and his obsession to prove his theory. He is best represented as being either cold, intellectual and isolated from society, or as being warm and compassionate. The murder is the result of his intellectual side, trying to determine whether or not he fits his â€Å"extraordinary man† theory. It was this side of his personality that develops the crime and carries out his plan, forcing the humane side to suffer for his actions. Both Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov are headed down the same path throughout the novel. They share the same goal of redemption. Dunya was the same objective to Svidrigailov as the â€Å"superman† theory to Raskolnikov. When theyShow MoreRelatedDostoyevskys Crime And Punishment1447 Words   |  6 PagesDosto yevsky s Crime and Punishment relies heavily on Raskolnikov’s motivation for committing the crime. To the casual reader, the motives are straightforward–he wants to find out if he, like Napoleon, is an extraordinary man; wants to rid society of the pawnbroker, the louse; wants simply to lift himself from debt with the money he stole. But these explanations do not strike the heart of the matter: there is a deeper cause. The ultimate reason behind Raskolnikov’s violent murder of the pawnbrokerRead MoreReview Of Crime And Punishment 824 Words   |  4 PagesIn Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is depicted as â€Å"crushed by poverty, but the anxieties of his position had of late ceased to weigh upon him† (Dostoyevsky 3). During 1861, the Emancipation Reform had recently taken place. The economy was suffering and the need for money became crucial. The protagonist of the novel, Raskolnikov, struggles to earn money, which associates with his behavior. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the author of the novel, considers Raskolnikov a divided character with different opinionsRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1025 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; is a philosophical crime fiction novel. The story is very powerful in that it goes beyond the book and into the lives of the audience; making the audience feel some type of relation between themselves and the story. Dostoevsky was brilliant in creating a fictional world where the characters seem to be found within the audience, transitioning from a fictional story to a self-help book. He employes many life lessons in the story, whichRead MoreCrime and Punishment vs. The Stranger1438 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the novels Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Stranger by Albert Camus, sun, heat, and light play a significant role in the development and understanding of the novel and the characters in it. Upon the initial readin g of The Stranger, the reader may have a general acknowledgment of a relationship between the novel’s protagonist, Mersault, and the sun and heat, either proceeding or following one of the novels significant events. What is harder to understand on the first readRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Crime And Punishment 1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthe principles they live by. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky explores contrasting ways of response to adversity. In the novel, there are those who don’t commit crimes while facing the hardships of life, like Sonia, Lizaveta, and Mikolka. Those like Raskolnikov, however, try to change the elements of life that provide challenges by taking drastic measures to modify society and life: by murdering an opportunist pawnbroker in his case. When reading Crime and Punishment, one can see that the differenceRead MoreUtilitarianism In Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment770 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel Crime and Punishment the main charac ters Raskolnikov, Svid, and Sonya embody different philosophies. Throughout the novel you can tell which philosophies Dostoevsky likes and dislikes depending on the character. Sonya represents religion, Raskolnikov represents utilitarianism, and Svid represents a utilitarian hedonist. Throughout this novel these characters help to describe the psychology of a criminal and paint the path between crime and punishment. This novel is told almost entirelyRead More The Struggle in Crime and Punishment Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe Struggle in Crime and Punishment Reading this book makes you ill because from the beginning to the end you watch as psychological forces eat away at the thoughts and actions of their victim causing him to finally confess to the hideous crime he has committed. The story is basically the struggle between Raskolnikovs Napoleon-à ¼bermensch theory and his conscience which make him confess to his crime. Dostoevskys genius is in describing how Raskolnikov struggles in his thoughts and actionsRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky881 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Divide In Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Raskolnikov faces a split in his con-science. Despite his attempts to achieve and maintain rational self interest, Raskolnikov finds it impossible to escape his own human nature. Throughout the course of the novel, Raskolnikov becomes divided between modernity and morality, and is continuously pulled back towards hu-man nature. From the start, Raskolnikov portrayed clearly that he was not like other people from his time. RaskolnikovRead MoreDostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1349 Words   |  6 PagesFyodor Dostoevsky wrote â€Å"Crime and Punishment† in 1866, during a time of Russian history where there was a convergence of several different, and oftentimes contradictory, political, philosophical, and economic ideologies. Not only was this a period of many conflicting sentiments, it was also a time of great change, with the Russian government implementing several reforms that changed the course of the country forever. One such reform was the freeing of the serfs under Alexander the II, Tsar of RussiaRead MoreEssay on Guilt in Crime and Punishment1266 Words   |  6 PagesGuilt in Crime and Punishment  Ã‚   In Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoyevsky tells a story of a young man that has been forced out of his studies at a university, by poverty. In these circumstances, he develops his theory of an extraordinary man (Frank 62). This conjecture is composed of the ideas that all great men must climb over obstacles in their way to reach their highest potential and benefit human kind. In Raskolnikovs life, the great obstacle is his lack of money, and the way to get

Good Business Schools With One-Year MBA Programs

Traditional MBA (Master of Business Administration) programs typically take two years to complete. One-year MBA programs, also known as accelerated MBA programs, or 12-month MBA programs, cut that time in half while also saving on tuition and time away from work. Schools With One-Year Programs INSEAD began offering the first one-year MBA program decades ago. These programs are now commonplace in many European schools. The popularity of the programs has prompted many U.S. business schools to offer an accelerated MBA option in addition to traditional two-year MBA programs, executive MBA programs, and part-time MBA programs. You won’t find a one-year MBA program at every business school, but you should have no problem locating a one-year MBA program at a good business school. Here are some of the well-known and reputable business schools that allow students to earn an MBA in one year or less. INSEAD INSEAD pioneered the one-year MBA and is widely considered to be one of the best MBA schools in the world. INSEAD has campuses in France, Singapore, and  Abu Dhabi. Their accelerated MBA program can be completed in just 10 months. Students take 20 courses (13 core management courses and 7 electives.) Students can choose from more than 75 different electives, which allows for a fully customizable experience. Another positive attribute of this program is the opportunity to experience multicultural education. INSEAD students are diverse, representing more than 75 nationalities. During the first four months, students complete dozens of group projects so they can learn what it is like to lead and work in diverse teams. At least half of INSEAD grads go on to own or manage their own company. Kellogg School of Management The Kellogg School of Management at Northwest University is one of the highest-ranked U.S. schools with a one-year MBA program. It was also one of the first U.S. schools to offer a one-year program. The most interesting aspect of the Kellogg program is that it doesn’t jam two years worth of courses into 12 months like some schools. Instead, Kellogg students get the option to skip core courses and focus on electives that match their career goals. With more than 200 courses to choose from, students can make sure their education is as broad or as focused as they would like. The customization continues with experiential learning. Kellogg has more than 1,000 experiential learning opportunities to choose from, including special labs, courses, and projects that provide real experience with critical business and management issues. IE Business School IE Business School is a Madrid school that is consistently ranked among the best schools in Europe and on a global scale. The student body in the one-year MBA program, also known as the IE International MBA program, is 90 percent international, which means classrooms are diverse. MBA students can choose from either English or Spanish instruction. The curriculum shies away from the traditional—up to 40 percent of the program can be customized and tailored to your career goals and needs. One-year MBA students start with a core period that emphasizes entrepreneurship before moving on to a lab period that consists of two accelerated labs designed to provide  experiential, challenge-based learning. The program culminates with an elective period that allows students to customize the rest of their education with courses, study at Wharton (a partner school), competitive IE consulting projects, a 7-10 week internship, and other unique opportunities. Johnson Graduate School of Management For students who want to earn an Ivy League MBA from a U.S. school in just 12 months, the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University is the place to be. Johnsons one-year MBA program is specifically designed for current and aspiring professionals with strong leadership and quantitative skills. Students in the one-year MBA program take core courses during a 10-week summer term before joining two-year MBA students in remaining courses. One-year MBA students also have access to the full range of courses across Cornell University, which amounts to about 4,000 different options. Highlights of the one-year MBA program include international study trips, a fall semester Management Practicum that allows students to gain hands-on experience through real consulting projects, and a spring semester Immersion Program that integrates coursework with fieldwork. Selecting a One-Year Program These are not the only good business schools with a one-year MBA program. However, these schools do provide a solid example of what you should look for in a one-year program. Some of the most desirable programs offer: Diverse classroomsA solid core curriculumCustomizable electivesExperiential learning experiencesGlobal learning experiencesInternship opportunities

Global Issues in Crime and Justice The War and Genocide in Darfur Free Essays

string(80) " used as motivating factor behind the destruction of African groups in Darfur \." Global Issues in Crime and Justice The war and genocide in Darfur (Sudan) (2003-2010) The conflict in Darfur officially started in February of 2003 when a rebel group launched an attack on Golo. This rebel group refers to themselves as Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). Not long after, another Darfur rebel group arose, identifying itself as the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). We will write a custom essay sample on Global Issues in Crime and Justice: The War and Genocide in Darfur or any similar topic only for you Order Now The uprisings from the rebel groups, however, did not draw immediate reaction from the Sudanese Government. The turning point for the conflict which led to a war was the raid on al Fashir air base by both the Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement. According to Daly, 2010, military planes and helicopter gunships were destroyed, vehicles and weapons were seized, soldiers were killed and the base commander was captured. The SLA and JEM continued their attacks in Tine, Kutum and Mellit in May 2003. After the attack, the Sudanese government carried out a counter-insurgency campaign by coordinating a ‘special task force’ , composed of Arab militia men named Janjaweed. The Janjaweed militia was backed by government troops. Their task was to attack the Africans in Darfur and destroy their villages. The bombing of villages, rape and mass killing became the means to destroy the Africans in Darfur. Those who survived were displaced from their homes and moved into displacement camps in Sudan. However, assistance provided to the African survivors were minimal, the humanitarian aid workers were aggressively pressured and it was difficult to bring food and medicine supply into the camps. According to Hagan and Rymond-Richmond in 2009, more than 200, 000 displaced persons were pushed over the border into refugee camps in Chad. On the other side, the amount of deaths in Darfur varied. In fall of 2004, World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 70,000 deaths within seven months since the beginning of the war. However, this estimate is likely to only involve people who died in and around camps. On the other hand, the State Department’s Atrocities Document Survey (ADS) provided data on people who died in the attack but does not include people who died in the camps. To obtain a more accurate picture, Hagan and McCarty (2009) combined the WHO and ADS data. The result is at least 200, 000 people had died in Darfur and the amount could have reached to 400, 000. There were many parties involved in the war and genocide in Darfur but there were definitely only two sides. The first side is the rebel groups, they are Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement. The other side of the conflict is the Janjaweed and the government of Sudan and its troops. The Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) was first formed in 2002 by an alliance of Fur and Zaghawa with Abdel Wahid as its first chairman and Abdalla Abaker as its chief of staff. The SLA consisted of Zaghawa and Fur but their relation was sour. The inexperience leadership, disorganized infrastructure and tension and conflict within the SLA only made matters worse. By mid-2003, there were no longer communications made betwen the Zaghawa and the Fur resulting to division of the movement into two groups. After the death of Abdalla Abaker, Minnawi announced himself as the secretary general. There were then two factions of SLA – the SLA under Abdel Wahid and the SLA under Minnawi. The second group that entered the conflict in Darfur in 2003 was the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). Its origin can be traced back to the mid-1990s. Having been marginalized, the Darfurians felt disappointed towards Islamist leaders in Sudan. The group consisted of mainly rebellious members of National Islamic Front in 1989. The JEM was formed in 2001 with Khalil Ibrahim as the leader holding the position of the chairman of the JEM. In response to the rebellion, the Sudanese government created a military force named Janjaweed which consisted of both Arab and Non-Arab groups. The Janjaweed became a ‘state security organs’ and the administrative system in Darfur became ‘military command’. They implemented a strategy where attacks would be made on African civilian in their towns and villages. Not only that, the Janjaweed was given a license to kill which allows them to kill and torture whoever they want with no limits imposed. The role of Sudanese government and its army would be to provide assistance to Janjaweed. This include from air support to cleaning up the crime scenes in Darfur. Despite the obvious proofs that genocide had taken place, the Sudanese government claimed that what happened was merely a counter-insurgency tactic to stop the rebellion and the blame was placed on the rebel groups. The rebel groups shared neither the same motivation nor the same goal. However, both SLA and JEM aimed to use armed rebellion as means to achieve their goals. For the SLA, the 1991 rebellion in Darfur convinced them to make changes in Darfur through armed rebellion. They were then motivated by the ideology of the ‘New Sudan’ and so were determined to make the ‘New Sudan’ as their goal. It was a concept suggested by Sudan People’s Liberation Army. It demanded a secular, democratic and decentralized government as well as equality in power and wealth. In contrast, the JEM was motivated by a document that was created in May 2000, The Black Book Imbalance of Power and Wealth in Sudan which gave a clear analysis of the underdevelopment of Darfur and the government’s lack of concern. The group’s goals were to call for ‘radical constitutional reform, regional empowerment and social democaracy’ excluding separation of state and religion. In contrast to SLA, their focus was on Sudan as a whole rather than solely on Darfur. The motivation behind the creation of Janjaweed by the Sudanese government was difficult to establish. The Sudanese government had repeatedly argued that its destructive behavior and violent attacks on civilians were merely counter-insurgency tactics. However, it is believed that racial intent is used as motivating factor behind the destruction of African groups in Darfur . You read "Global Issues in Crime and Justice: The War and Genocide in Darfur" in category "Essay examples" Daly in 2010 described that the goals of the Sudanese government as well as its troops and Janjaweed were to destroy settlements and property, evacuation of the land by killing the men, women and children or stigmatizing the women by raping them, and forced displacement of the survivors. There were many factors that may have caused the uprisings in Darfur however its immediate cause were the African’s experience of being marginalized, invaded, exploited and neglected. It is reasonable to believe that the factors which led to the formation of rebel group had also resulted to the occurrence of the first event in the war in Darfur: the uprisings. Among the factors were political and economic marginalization experienced by the Darfurians as described in the Black Book. The Sudanese government did little attempt to help the economy of Darfur and the positions in government institution were mainly dominated by those from the Norths and Arabs. Another factor would be the increasing insecurity in Darfur caused by attacks on African villages carried out by Arab nomads. This was the main reason why the Zaghawa joined the Fur to form the SLA. The failure of the Sudanese government to solve the conflict between the Arabs and the African had resulted to a rebellion in 2003. The Sudanese government’s action escalated the rebellion turning it into a war and genocide. The government’s mistake was its failure to acknowledge the rebel groups and accept their demand. Furthermore, its decision to use the Janjaweed militia as a counter-insurgency tactic caused a creation of the ‘worst humanitarian crisis’. It is the way the Sudanese government reacted to the rebellion that based a basis of genocide in Darfur. Apart from the above factors, there were also other underlying factors that contribute to the conflict in Darfur. These factors existed long before the start of the rebellions in 2003. These factors include the drought in Darfur since the 1970s which caused a struggle of land and Arab supremacism in Darfur. Tensions between Africans and Arabs burst into violence when Darfur suffered from numerous droughts since the early 1970s. The increasing desertification had resulted to loss of produce, grazing land and livestock. This had caused conflict between the African farmers and Arab herders over territories and access to water. The droughts had forced the Arab herders to intrude on the lands of the African farmers causing a clash between them. The ethnic conflict was further intensified with the introduction of small arms that transformed the means of violence in Darfur. Favored groups were allowed to possess arms for the purpose of self-defense. Unfair policies were introduced to give legal protection to the Arabs and the policy itself undoubtedly showed favoritism towards the Arabs especially over matters relating to land. It is undeniable that the government had played a primary role in stimulating the ethnic conflict. In Darfur, the Arabs were often seen as superior to all others, which make those who are not Arab as inferior. The Arabs in Sudan dominated all aspect of life ranging from politics to social life. The relations between Arabs and Africans in Darfur became even tenser as the ideology of Arab supremacy led to ‘both the demonization and disenfranchisement of certain groups’ , in particular the Africans. One significant factor to include would probably be the disenfranchisement of Darfur. Darfur had been neglected by Sudan. Schools, medical facilities and the roads provided in Darfur were very minimal if compared to those provided in the north of Sudan. Even worst, there was no attempt to include the African in the politic and administration of Darfur or Sudan. The Africans have suffered discrimination, prejudice and exclusion. These sufferings might have added to the conflicts that turned into rebellions and then war and genocide in 2003. The case of Darfur had frequently been labeled as crime against humanity due to the pattern of mass killing in Darfur. Maier-Katkin et al in 2009 presented a theory to explain the crimes against humanity. There are 6 suggested factors as to how crimes against humanity could have occurred. The first factor is the development of societal strain and anger depression. Secondly, the formation of primary group affiliations where tensions emerged between two groups- between the self and the other, or most commonly known as between us versus them. The third factor is the socialization and normalization of idea in the primary group. The next factor is the continuation of the previous factor, socialization of individuals into roles within the group makes them more incline to conform and follow orders from the authority. The fifth factor is that the possibility of the occurrence of crimes against humanity when there is a technique of neutralization. Lastly, where the target or victim is not threatening, crimes are easier to commit. In the case of Darfur, the second, third, fifth and sixth factor could be applied to explain the crimes of humanity committed against the Africans. Tension had developed between the Africans and Arabs long before the start of the war in 2003. The two groups had always clashed and thus satisfying the second factor. Secondly, the belief of the people in Sudan and Darfur is that Arabs are always superior to the Africans which make the African less valuable to the country. This idea had been normalized into the life of every person in Sudan. Not only that, technique of neutralization had clearly been used by the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed. Racial epithets expressed toward the Africans were commonly heard during the attacks. This is an act of dehumanizing the victims. The sixth factor refers to the fact that the victims in the case of Darfur are civilian. They do not have the means to attack back and therefore no risk is associated with the perpetrators. Denials were used by the Government of Sudan in response to its Human Right violation. Stanley Cohen in 2001 presented 6 types of denial: denial of knowledge, denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalty and moral indifference. It is possible that the Janjaweed and military forces of the Sudanese government had relied on the denial of responsibility and victim to justify their destructive actions. Whereas the Government of Sudan may have justified their action based on denial of knowledge, denial of victim and the condemnation of the condemners. Other than committing a crime against humanity, the Janjaweed had also committed crimes of obedience by following the order of Sudanese government to attack African civilian. No attempts were made to challenge the authority and the decision to obey was not done out of fright towards the government but was likely to be caused by hatred that developed between the ethnic lines. Bibliography Cohen, S. , 2001. States of Denial. Cambridge University Press. Daly, M. W. , 2010. Darfur’s Sorrow: The Forgotten History of a Humaniatarian Disaster. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Flint, J. , Darfur’s Armed Movement. In: A. De Waal, ed. 2007. War in Darfur and the Search for Peace. Harvard University Press, p 140-172 Hagan, J. , Rymond-Richmond, W. , and Parker, P. , 2005. The Criminology of Genocide: The Death and Rape of Darfur, Criminology, 43(3), p 525. Haggar, A. , The Origins and Organization of the Janjawiiid in Darfur. In: A. De Waal, ed. 2007. War in Darfur and the Search for Peace. Harvard University Press, p 113-139 Hagan, J. and Rymond-Richmond, W. , 2009. Darfur and the Crime of Genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press. Maier-Katkin, D. , Mears, D. P. , and Bernard, T. J. , (2009) Towards a Criminology of Crimes Against Humanity, Theoretical Criminology 13(2) p 227-256 McCarty, B. and Hagan, J. , Counting the Deaths in Darfur Pitfalls on the Pathway to a Public Sociology. In V. Jeffries, ed. 2009. Handbook of Public Sociology. United States: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p 319-337 Tar, U. A. , 2006. Old Conflict, New Complex Emergency: An Analysis of Darfur Crisis, Western Sudan, Nordic Journal of African Studies, 15(3), p 406-427 Totten, S. , The Darfur Genocide. In: S. Totten and W. S. Parsons, ed. 2009. Century of Genocide: Critical essays and Eyewitness Accounts. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. Tubiana, J. , A Conflict for Land? In: A. De Waal, ed. 2007. War in Darfur and the Search for Peace. Harvard University Press, p 68-91 How to cite Global Issues in Crime and Justice: The War and Genocide in Darfur, Essay examples

Reggaeton Vs Rock free essay sample

Today exist in music much variety of musical genres, all different, with different artists, songs and rhythms. Precisely the Reggaeton and Rock are two of the genres with more booms in the world. While others say this whole controversy that has had the reggaeton in these last days. Which of the two genres will be most appropriate for our youth and sons? Rock or reggaeton? Its a broad question and responses, as there are many songs with different messages that lead to the population in general, but especially to the youth who are most in need of positive pulses and music that magnify inside as people. Reggaeton and rock were born at different times and historical contexts and not others also compare and contrast them to find their similarities and differences. The rock is an ancient genre, has more significance that reggaeton, takes longer on the market and is much better known and diverse the genre of reggaeton. We will write a custom essay sample on Reggaeton Vs Rock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Often older people can enjoy more the rock than the reggaeton. However young people are identified more with reggaeton. Genres have many controversies, many people are grouped according to their musical preference, and some groups are rockers and other ‘‘reggaetoneros. The rock is a musical genre of the twentieth century and contemporary times which are born each derived musical genres of rock and roll. Usually interpreted, among many other instruments normally added, with guitar, drums, bass and sometimes keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or synthesizers. Rock developed various subgenres, such as soft rock, hard rock, progressive rock, heavy metal and punk. The rock subgenres of the 1980s include new wave, new romantic, glam rock, synth-rock, hardcore punk, alternative rock, Christian rock, Christian metal, thrash metal and speed metal. The rock subgenres 1990s include grunge style rock, Britpop, indie rock, piano rock. Reggaeton begins to spread in the early 1990s with songs in Spanish rap underground scene, like Im from the streets of Vico C. The liking for rap paid off to hits like School by Ruben DJ. The fusion of reggae rhythm with the Spanish rap led to a merger that has evolved into what we now know as reggaeton. Among the first songs of the merger highlights I get up on Sunday of Wiso G, which was flanked with exponents as Big Boy and own productions viable Vico C. The genre began coining the term underground in Puerto Rico, and that because it was a genre known, was clandestinely distributed among youth. Gender in early exponents featured is very popular today such as Daddy Yankee, Don Omar and Wisin Y Yandel. The reggaeton genre went from underground, to be one of the main genres popular in Latin America. It continued to disseminate the rhythm, especially among young people, who came to permeate rhythmic way the rest of Latin America and the United States, which has given unexpected position for a genre that in 2000 it was considered dim. From that year entered its heyday, knowing the style in many countries. The typical themes of the lyrics often speak of social criticism, reflection, love stories, brief anecdotes and life problems. In some cases, these initial issues were leading to an abounding festive typeface especially those that allude to sex, which brought a lot of controversy. To conclude, these two genres have many differences and many similarities that can compare and contrast, many people identify with one equally with the other, but we must take into consideration what would be the healthier for our youth and our children, which of the two genres as a person can magnify more people, which has more meaning in our lives, which we can identify more. The rock was born a long time and a very different historical context of reggaeton. Before the world was healthier and people had less malice now, so the reggaeton until once regarded as very offensive and denigrating to women for many people and immoral explicit content of their songs, while that rock to have multiple subtypes is considered most appropriate for the general population. In fact two very different genres and both have impacted the world in different ways.